The Council stated that the Church Fathers "did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God".
However, this same phrase in Greek ( Μήτηρ Θεοῦ), in the abbreviated form 'ΜΡ ΘΥ', is an indication commonly attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The direct equivalents of title in Latin are Deipara and Dei Genitrix, although the phrase is more often loosely translated into Latin as Mater Dei ("Mother of God"), with similar patterns for other languages used in the Latin Church. The title "Theotokos" was recognized at the Council of Ephesus in 431. For example, the title " Our Lady of Sorrows" has inspired such masterpieces as Michelangelo's Pietà. Catholics use a wide variety of titles for Mary, and these titles have in turn given rise to many artistic depictions. The three main titles for Mary used by the Orthodox are Theotokos ( Θεοτόκος or loosely "Mother of God"), Aeiparthenos ( ἀειπαρθὲνος) which means ever-virgin, as confirmed in the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, and Panagia ( Παναγία) meaning "all-holy". Titles in use vary among Anglicans, Lutherans, Catholics, Orthodox, Protestants, Mormons, and other Christians. Īmong her many other names and titles are the Blessed Virgin Mary (often abbreviated to "BVM", or "BMV" after the Latin "Beata Maria Virgo"), Saint Mary (occasionally), the Mother of God (primarily in Western Christianity), the Theotokos (primarily in Eastern Christianity), Our Lady (Medieval Italian: Madonna), and Queen of Heaven ( Regina caeli see also here), although the title " queen of heaven" was for centuries before used as an epithet for a number of ancient sky-goddesses, such as Nin-anna, Astarte, Ishtar and Astoreth, the Canaanite sky-goddess worshipped during the Hebrew prophet Jeremiah's lifetime. The word "until" has inspired considerable analysis on whether Joseph and Mary produced siblings after the birth of Jesus or not. In Christianity, Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary, in accordance with the belief that the Holy Spirit impregnated her, thereby conceiving her first-born son Jesus miraculously, without sexual relations with her betrothed/husband Joseph, "until her son was born" ( Matthew 1:25). Madonna on Floral Wreath by Peter Paul Rubens with Jan Brueghel the Elder, c. Īccording to Catholic and Eastern Christian teachings, at the end of her earthly life, God raised Mary's body into heaven this is known in the Christian West as the Assumption of Mary. She is mentioned in the Quran more often than in the New Testament, where two of the longer chapters of the Quran are named after her and her family. Mary also has the highest position in Islam among all women. Many Protestants minimize Mary's role within Christianity, basing their argument on the alleged lack of biblical support for any beliefs other than the virgin birth.
The Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas, namely her status as the Mother of God, her Immaculate Conception, her perpetual virginity, and her Assumption into heaven. There is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches believe that Mary, as mother of Jesus, is the Theotokos (Mother of God Θεοτόκος). She is said to have miraculously appeared to believers many times over the centuries. Mary has been venerated since early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the holiest and greatest saint because of her extraordinary virtues as seen at the Annunciation by the archangel Gabriel. According to Christian theology, Mary conceived Jesus through the Holy Spirit while still a virgin, and accompanied Joseph to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born. The Quran also describes Mary as a virgin. According to the gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament, Mary was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the virgin mother of Jesus.
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